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The Fire Mummies, also known as the Kabayan Mummies, Benguet Mummies, or Ibaloi Mummies, are a group of mummies found along the mountain slopes of Kabayan, Benguet, a town in the northern Philippines.

They were made from as early as 2000 BCE. Today, they remain in natural caves as well as in a museum in Kabayan.

Some scientists believe that the Fire Mummies were created by the Ibaloi people between 1200 and 1500 CE in five towns in Benguet, and buried in caves. Others believe that they date back to as far as 2000 BCE. What makes the Fire Mummies unique is their mummification process, which would begin shortly before a person died and consisted of ingesting a very salty drink. After death, the corpse was washed and set over a fire in a seated position, drying the fluids; smoke from tobacco was blown into the mouth to dry the body's internal organs. Mummified bodies were then placed in a coffin made of pine wood and laid to rest in rock shelters, natural caves, or artificial burial niches.

When the Fire Mummies were uncovered by Westerners in the early 20th century, (they had been known to local communities for hundreds of years), many of them were stolen, as the caves were mostly unprotected. They were listed in the 1998 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund and declared one of the 100 most endangered sites in the world. Funding from American Express was used for emergency conservation and the creation of a comprehensive management plan. The mummies remain in natural caves with relatively minor security. Officials claim to be aware of another 50–80 artifacts, whose locations they have chosen to keep secret. A small museum in Kabayan also displays a few mummies.

In May 2024, the National Museum of the Philippines announced a PHP25 million rehabilitation of National Museum-Kabayan's Site 1, home to several female mummies. The site houses a geological collection and artifacts on local death rites and rituals, mummies, plants used in the mummification process, and Kabayan-Ibaloi items. The museum also conserves and protects the Timbac burial caves and the mummy rocks, including the "Apo Anno" mummy, a revered ancestor, in Buguias, Benguet.

The Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves are listed as National Cultural Treasures by the National Museum of the Philippines, pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 260, signed by President Ferdinand Marcos in August 1973. They are also under consideration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Carascal, Mark B.; Fontanilla, Ian Kendrich C.; De Ungria, Maria Corazon A. (2021). "The Ibaloi fire mummies: the art and science of mummification in the Philippines". Amery, Colin; Curran, Brian; Abrams, Harry (1 November 2001). "The Mummy – that Brendan Fraser didn't see".

Quick Facts

• Some scientists believe that the Fire Mummies were created by the Ibaloi people between 1200 and 1500 CE in five towns in Benguet, and buried in caves.
• Today, they remain in natural caves as well as in a museum in Kabayan.
• A small museum in Kabayan also displays a few mummies.
• The Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves are listed as National Cultural Treasures by the National Museum of the Philippines, pursuant to Presidential Decree No.
• When the Fire Mummies were uncovered by Westerners in the early 20th century, (they had been known to local communities for hundreds of years), many of them were stolen, as the caves were mostly unprotected.

Source material: Wikipedia - "Kabayan Mummies". Adapted and summarized for DiscoverScroll. Original contributors are credited through the linked Wikipedia article. Read original on Wikipedia. CC BY-SA 4.0. Changes were made from the original.